In 2025, a major breakthrough came from Leipzig University, where genetic epidemiologist Markus Scholz led a sweeping genome-wide association meta-analysis involving over 21,000 individuals of European descent. This is the largest-ever genetic study on human scent perception. Participants were tested using 12 everyday smells (like clove, orange, cinnamon, peppermint, coffee, and fish) via scent pens. The researchers mapped these responses against genetic data and discovered 10 distinct genetic regions tied to the ability to detect specific odours, seven of which were previously unknown.

We often think people dislike a smell just because it’s strong. But scientists have discovered that strength and likeability are genetically independent traits. This means someone might find a scent subtle, yet completely revolting or very intense but still enjoyable. In a landmark study published in Nature Neuroscience, researchers found that different variants of the olfactory receptor gene OR10G4 altered how people responded to guaiacol, a smoky, campfire-like compound. Some people described it as cozy, nostalgic, and woody, while others said it smelled like burnt rubber or plastic.

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